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Background. Surveys on Public Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice (PKAP) have been conducted in various countries with respondents from the public as well as health workers. Measuring the knowledge of the public about COVID-19 is very important to determine the knowledge gap among the public and also as an evaluation of the preventive efforts for COVID-19. Objective. The purpose of this research was to determine whether education level is a factor that affects one's literacy about COVID-19. Materials and Methods. This is cross-sectional research with online-based data collection using the Kobo toolbox application. The data collection was carried out from the 19th of April until the 2nd of May 2020. The number of people under study is 792. The level of knowledge was measured using 12 research questions with true or false question types. the multivariable logistic regression was carried out. Results. Most of the respondents (52.5%) were in the young age group (15-35 years old), were male (57.3%), and had a bache-lor or diploma education level (62.1%). Furthermore, most of the respondents had good knowledge (65.4%). The higher the respon-dents' educational level means, the better knowledge they had concerning COVID-19 (P=0.013). Conclusions. Public knowledge about COVID-19 is affected by their level of education. A good level of knowledge about COVID-19 was found among respondents with master's and doctoral degrees. This finding can contribute to the prevention of COVID-19, in which the priority of educating communities about COVID-19 should be given to those having an educational level below a master's degree.Copyright © the Author(s), 2023.
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Deaths from COVID-19 are increasing in patients with comorbidities. One of the most common comorbidities is diabetes mellitus. The researchers wanted to see how having diabetes affected the mortality rate of COVID-19 participants. This investigation is a case control observational analytical study. Different types of people, called "cases", and "controls", complete the research sample. Each group had 68 responders, for a grand total of 136. Medical records from COVID-19 patients treated at Airlangga University Hospital, Surabaya, between March 2020 and September 2021 serve as the study's secondary data source. The purpose of this study's data analysis is to calculate an odds ratio. Patients with COVID-19 with concomitant diabetes mellitus had an increased risk of death, and this risk increased with age, gender, and COVID-19 symptoms. In contrast, education, occupation, and laboratory results were not significantly related to mortality among COVID-19 individuals with concomitant diabetes mellitus (GDA status). The results of this study show that COVID-19 patients with concomitant diabetes mellitus are at a higher risk of death if they are over the age of 65, if they are male, and if they have severe symptoms.
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Background: COVID-19 is associated with thrombotic complications and can result in hepatobiliary injury. Excellent early outcomes have been reported in recipients of solid non-lungs organs from SARS-CoV-2-infected donors, however longer follow-up data are lacking. We aimed to describe the medium-term outcome of our liver transplants (LT) from COVID-19 donors. Methods: From 11/2020 to 03/2022, we consecutively enrolled all patients who received a graft from COVID-19 donor in our Centre. Protocol liver biopsy and magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) after 1-year from LT were reported. Results: In the study period 12/213 (5.6%) adult LT patients received a COVID-19 donor (11 active, 1 resolved COVID-19)1. Eleven patients underwent end-to-end biliary anastomosis and 1 biliodigestive anastomosis. Recipients' and donors' characteristics are reported in table 1. Two recipients tested SARS-CoV-2 RNA positive on nasopharyngeal swab at LT and one was treated with sotrovimab on day-1 after LT. None of the patients developed COVID-19 after LT. One patient underwent hepatic artery thrombectomy at day-1 and died after 320 days for HCC recurrence. Until now: -10 patients underwent protocol MRCP (median time from LT 562 days, IQR 245-614), which showed: 7 no visible abnormalities, 1 donor-recipient's bile duct size discrepancy, 2 caliber changes <50% at the anastomotic level (untreated for the absence of cholestasis);-7 patients underwent protocol liver biopsy (median time from LT 553 days, IQR 311-557) which showed 1 acute cellular rejection (RAI 4/9) successfully treated with steroids;no signs of fibrosis, rejection or biliopathy in the other 6 patients. Conclusions: 11/12 patients who received a LT from COVID-19 donors are alive, without evidence of SARS-CoV-2 transmission. At a median follow-up of 1.5 years, protocol liver biopsy and MRCP did not show biliopathy, supporting the utilization of COVID-19 donors to expand the donor pool and reduce the waiting list mortality.
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Cases of early marriage are reported to have increased during the pandemic due to stressed teenagers with the pressure of online learning. The increase in this number plays a role in increasing the risk of teenage pregnancy. This study aimed to analyse the risk factors for adolescent pregnancies during the new normal era of the COVID-19 pandemic. A case-control design using a simple random sampling technique involved 40 pregnant adolescents aged 15-19 years and 80 non-pregnant adolescents during the online learning period (July 2021 to January 2022) in Ngawi Regency, Indonesia. Data obtained from interviews were analysed to find Odds Ratio (OR) with a 95% Confidence Interval (CI). Results showed factors associated with adolescent pregnancies were underpaid parental income (OR 4.00, 95%CI 1.64-9.74), authoritarian and permissive parenting (OR 12.75, 95%CI 4.71-34.46), lack of exposure to media about reproductive health (OR 7.91, 95%CI 3.32-18.84), risky dating behaviour (OR 37.09, 95%CI 4.86-283.25), and smoking habit (OR 5.57, 95%CI 1.03-30.12). Preventing adolescent pregnancies could be done through public health education focusing on adolescent communities, parent-child discussion on reproductive health, as well as exposure to educative media related to reproductive health and the impacts of juvenile delinquency.
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Deaths from COVID-19 are increasing in patients with comorbidities. One of the most common comorbidities is diabetes mellitus. The researchers wanted to see how having diabetes affected the mortality rate of COVID-19 participants. This investigation is a case control observational analytical study. Different types of people, called "cases," and "controls," complete the research sample. Each group had 68 responders, for a grand total of 136. Medical records from COVID-19 patients treated at Airlangga University Hospital, Surabaya, between March 2020 and September 2021 serve as the study's secondary data source. The purpose of this study's data analysis is to calculate an odds ratio. Patients with COVID-19 with concomitant diabetes mellitus had an increased risk of death, and this risk increased with age, gender, and COVID-19 symptoms. In contrast, education, occupation, and laboratory results were not significantly related to mortality among COVID-19 individuals with concomitant diabetes mellitus (GDA status). The results of this study show that COVID-19 patients with concomitant diabetes mellitus are at a higher risk of death if they are over the age of 65, if they are male, and if they have severe symptoms. Copyright © the Author(s),2022.
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This chapter explores biodiversity loss and species extinction from a financial perspective to understand better risk management practices and accounting frameworks for natural capital preservation by collecting suitable data on sustainable business and finance and investment products. Regulators are showing a clear commitment to intensive and systematic action for preventing biodiversity loss. Recently, the World Wildlife Fund Italy published an interesting document on the relationship between pandemics and the “boomerang” effects of ecosystem destruction. The International Union for Conservation of Nature remains committed to preserve the nature for a healthy planet and people. The COVID-19 virus and the economic crisis need to calibrate a global response to the Sustainable Development Goals. Environmental issues are part of business actions and policies in an increasing number of companies. © 2022 selection and editorial matter, Jill Atkins and Martina Macpherson individual chapters.
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Introduction: Anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccines demonstrated a high rate of success in preventing severe COVID-19 and decreasing infection rate. Few data are available in pre-liver transplant (LT) patients. IgG anti-Spike reflect humoral response to vaccination. Aims: We aimed to evaluate longevity of humoral response to mRNA vaccine in our pre-LT patients. Methods: From 01/2021 to 10/2021 we enrolled all pre-LT patients who completed anti-SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination. Patients with previous COVID-19 received 1 vaccine dose within 6 months after infection. All the others received 2 doses. Patients were tested for IgG (LIAISON® SARS-CoV-2 TrimericS, positivity≥33.8 BAU/mL) 1 month post-vaccination and then every 2 months until LT. Results: During study period, 91 pre-LT patients completed anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccination: 80 patients received 2 doses, 11 patients 1 dose, as per protocol (94% Pfizer-BioNTech, 6% Moderna-COVID-19). 69% male, median age 56 years, BMI 25kg/m2, eGFR 95ml/min, MELD 12;43% HCC;6 patients on steroids for autoimmune cirrhosis. 23 days post-vaccination (T1), 86/91 (95%) seroconverted (median titer 1970 BAU/mL). During follow-up none of retested patients became IgG negative, however their titer progressively dropped: 72 days post-vaccination (T2), 61/64 (95%) tested again IgG positive (median titer 1480);at T3 (113 days post-vaccination) 42/43 (98%) patients remained positive and their titer significantly decreased (779);23 pts were retested at T4 (140 days post-vaccination) and all of them remained IgG positive (median titer 320). (T1vsT2, p=0.22;T2vsT3 p<0.001;T3vsT4, p=0.02;T1vsT4, p=0.008). At the end of a median follow-up of 190 days from vaccination, none of the patients developed COVID-19. No serious adverse events were registered. Conclusions: In our 91 pre-LT patients, mRNA anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccination elicited a high rate of seroconversion (95%) within 1 month. We observed a progressive significant decrease in IgG titer during a median follow-up of 190 days after vaccination. Nevertheless, none of our pre-LT patients developed COVID-19. [Formula presented]
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Background and aims: Solid organ transplant recipients (SOTRs) have been considered as an extremely vulnerable population in respect to SARS-CoV-2 infection. We aimed to assess the incidence and lethality rate of SARS-CoV-2 infection in different organ transplant settings using the liver as a comparator. Methods: In this nationwide population-based study we compared the crude incidence and lethality rates of SARS-CoV-2 infection [95% Bonferroni adjusted CI (Ba-CI)] among Italian LTRs as compared to non-liver SOTRs and to general population. The following independent groups had been compared: Italian general population, all SOTRs, liver transplant recipients (LTRs) and non-Liver SOTRs in area with different incidence of infection. Incidence rate ratio (IRR) and lethality rate ratio (LRR) was assessed. Community risk exposures in transplant settings were assessed. Results: From February 21 to June 22, 2020, there were 450 cases of SARS-CoV-2 infections over 14168 LTRs (n=89) and 29815 non-liver SOTRs (n= 361). A significantly lower risk of infection [IRR 0.56 (Ba-CI 0.34-0.92), 0.45 (Ba-CI 0.26-0.79), 0.52 (Ba-CI 0.36-0.75)] and a lower lethality rate ratio [(LRR 0.61 (Ba-CI 0.23-1.57), 0.37 (0.08-1.76), 0.52 (0.23-1.18] was found among LTRs as compared to non-liver SOTRs in the three areas. Excluding Lombardy, the risk of infection and lethality in LTRs was lower compared to general population. Non-Liver SOTRs showed an increased risk of infection and lethality at all geographic levels compared to general population. No significant difference in the adherence to mitigation policies was found. Conclusions: Liver transplantation was associated with a significantly lower risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection and lethality in respect to non-liver solid organ transplants. A separate evaluation of organ-specific risk stratification analysis and vaccination responses in transplant population is needed.
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Background: Severe complications of COVID-19 observed in patients with liver cirrhosis might be partly explained by their immune dysfunction, which can also account for to the impaired response to existing vaccinations. Anti SARS-CoV-2 vaccine development has progressed at an unprecedented rate, with phase 3 trial data offering the prospect of achieving herd immunity. Despite the inclusion of 100,000 participants in these trials, data for patients with liver disease are scanty. In our study we described SARS-CoV-2 IgG response rate after vaccination and vaccine reaction in cirrhotic patients awaiting liver transplant. Methods: We enrolled all patients waiting for liver transplant who completed anti COVID-19 vaccination between January and June 2021, in our Center. According to our National Health Care System recommendations, patients with a previous documented COVID-19 received a single vaccine dose, within 6 months after infection. All other patients received 2 doses, administered 3 weeks apart. Patients were tested for SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies (LIAISON® SARS-CoV-2 TrimericS IgG assay, positive ≥33.8 BAU/mL) within one month after anti SARSCoV-2 mRNA vaccination (Comirnaty, Pfizer-BioNTech). Results: At the beginning and at the end of the enrollment period, 76 and 73 adult patients were on the liver transplant waiting list, respectively. Fifty of them completed anti COVID-19 vaccination and were suitable for the enrollment in the study. The median age of the patients was 56 years (IQR 52-61), 76% were male, median BMI 24.7 kg/m2 (IQR 23-27), 42% was blood type 0. Viral etiology 44%, alcoholrelated 20% and NAFLD 8%. 50% of the patients showed hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Median MELD score at the entry on the liver transplant waiting list was 8 (7-11), while in non-HCC patients MELD score was 13 (10-18). Median creatinine clearance was 96 mL/min. 46 out of 50 patients (92%) received 2 doses of vaccine, while 4 out of 50 (8%) received only 1 dose, as per described protocol. SARS-CoV-2 IgG were tested after a median time of 19 days (IQR 9-28) since vaccination. 45 out of 46 patients (97.8%) who received 2 doses, became IgG anti SARS-CoV-2 positive (median value 1,599 BAU/mL, IQR 669-2,080). The 4 patients injected with only 1 dose were IgG anti SARS-CoV-2 positive at baseline (median value 291 BAU/mL, IQR 65-548) and they increased their titer after vaccination (median value 1,530 BAU/mL, IQR 829-1997). No patient experienced severe adverse reactions, and none tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 infection after vaccination. Conclusion: In our cohort of 50 adult compensated cirrhotic patients awaiting liver transplant (50% with HCC), 98% produced high levels of neutralizing IgG anti SARS-CoV-2 antibodies after a median time of 19 days from mRNA vaccination. This excellent immunization rate is consistent with data reported in the healthy population.
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We describe how we redesigned, because of the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic, the CS1 course for Math undergraduates to be held online yet reflecting the face-to-face (F2F) experience as much as possible. We present the course structure, the IT tools we used, and the strategies we implemented to preserve the benefits of a synchronous experience. We discuss the positive and negative aspects that emerged from the students' opinion qualitative analysis. We use the COI framework as a lens to explain what worked, what did not, and what can be improved to strengthen the perception of a F2F experience and mitigate the "presence paradox"we found: despite students being enthusiastic about the online format, most would still prefer a F2F course. © 2021 ACM.
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This poster illustrates how we redesigned the CS1 course for Math undergraduates to be held online but reflecting the face-to-face (F2F) experience as much as possible. We describe the course structure and the strategies we implemented to maintain the benefits of a synchronous experience. We present the positive and negative aspects that emerged from the students' opinion analysis. We highlight what worked, what did not, and what can be improved to strengthen the perception of a F2F experience and mitigate the "presence paradox"we found: although students are enthusiastic about the online format, most would still prefer a F2F course. © 2021 Owner/Author.
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The first emergence of Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) confirmed cases found in Wuhan, China, has become a global crisis. At least 177 countries have been affected over 43,000,000 confirmed cases of corona positive and more than one million deaths until October 27th, 2020. Recent research has analyzed any possible factors causing the COVID-19 spreads were climate factors and population density. Indonesia was a tropical region known as the high-populated country in the World, with a 52.9% area with a high mean air temperature and over 267.7 million populations. Our study aims to analyze the correlation between climate, population density, and COVID-19 in Indonesia. We used the K-means cluster method and Fisher's exact test to determine climatic conditions, population density, and COVID-19 clusters and study the correlation. Our research found that there is a correlation between climatic conditions and population density with COVID-19 (p: 0,034;p:0,004). Warmer climate conditions and densely populated regions contributed to the risen COVID-19 transmission in Indonesia. These are highlighted by the evidence of the top six provinces with highest COVID-19 cases are province classified in warmer climatic conditions (high air temperature, low rainfall, and humidity) and a fairly-dense to densely populated region. © 2021 Penerbit Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. All rights reserved.
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ABSTRACT: SARS-CoV-2 is a coronavirus responsible for the pandemic that developed in China in late 2019. Transmission of the virus is predominantly direct, through exposure to infected respiratory secretions. As far as we know, arthropods play a key role in the transmission and spread of several viruses, and thus their role in the spread of COVID-19 deserves to be studied. The biological transmission of viral agents through insects is very complex. While mechanical transmission is more likely to happen, biological transmission is possible via blood-sucking arthropods, but this requires a high grade of compatibility between the vector and the pathogen. If the biological and mechanical transmission of SARS-CoV-2 by blood-sucking arthropods is excluded, a mechanical transmission by urban pests could take place. This risk is very low but it could be important in isolated environmental conditions, where other means of transmission are not possible. The presence of SARS-CoV-2 in non-blood-sucking arthropods in infected buildings, like hospitals and retirement homes, should be investigated.
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COVID-19/transmission , Disease Vectors , Insecta , SARS-CoV-2 , Animals , Arthropods , Culicidae , Europe , HumansABSTRACT
The present study intends to contrast the official responses of the international community on the right to migrate linked to health, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, with the reality faced by vulnerable migrants. The recommendations of regional human rights protection commissions and international organizations related to the issue of migration are compared with the reports of the media and civil society organizations, verifying that there is no effective compliance with respect for human rights as set out in the guidelines international organizations, especially with regard to the right to health of migrant populations, who end up in a state of hypervulnerability by denying access to their basic rights. © 2020, Centro Universitário Curitiba - UNICURITIBA. All rights reserved.